A Report On Black African Families Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Report On Black African Families Social Work Essay Essay Example A Report On Black African Families Social Work Essay Essay A Report On Black African Families Social Work Essay Essay In recent old ages, kid maltreatment among black African households has attracted a batch of attending, academically and politically in British societal work pattern following the tragic decease of Victoria Climbie ( Laming, 2003 ) and Adam ( Sale, 2005 ) . Many of the research and literature on kid maltreatment since the 1989 Children Act have non extensively discussed the facet of poorness and kid maltreatment. For many old ages societal work intercessions with black African households and kids alleged of instances of kid maltreatment have been a controversial subject. The troubles black African households experience are non limited merely to the foreign civilization they find themselves in, but other issues may be important, such as cultural differences in child-rearing, poorness, authorities policy and the intercession tools and procedures. Research grounds suggests that black African kids in the UK are over-represented in the kid protection system for a assortment of grounds such as physical and sexual maltreatment or disregard. Chand ( 1999 ) research on black African households and the kid protection system highlights the over-representation of black households ( 58 % ) compared to white households ( 42 % ) on referrals affecting physical hurt. Another research shows that referrals affecting unequal supervising of kids are disproportionately higher among black African households than white households. Some black African kids are involved in the kid protection system because their households are unable to supply equal attention for them. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) survey besides found that black African kids and households are more likely than white households to be drawn into the kid protection system on the footing of built-in differences in beliefs and child-rearing patterns. The purpose of this work is to propose that black African kids and households, due to a figure of grounds, are more or less likely to be investigated of kid maltreatment by societal workers and other professions. The possible deductions for black households being more or less likely to be investigated are either black African kids will go over-represented in local authorization attention under the kid protection system or they will non have the appropriate intercession by societal workers under the kid public assistance system and do kids to be subjected to further maltreatment or disregard by their parents ( Chand, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Chand ( 1999 ) even when maltreatment among black households is identified, the service proviso for the abused kids are hampered by deficiency of resources and this cause delays in appraisal and the proviso of intervention where specialized services are required. The 1989 Children Act may sort many African kids on the kid protection registry in the UK as kids in demand as their parents are more likely to populate below the poorness line ( DoH, 1989 ) . Poverty is linked with studies of maltreatment and disregard and African households are proportionally more likely to populate in poorness than many of the other communities in the UK ( Bernard A ; Gupta, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Fontes ( 2006 ) people who are affected by kid maltreatment are nestled by a assortment of societal and material spheres that are extremely interrelated and synergistic. Therefore the poorness position of African households populating in the UK is an of import factor to be considered by societal workers working with African households alleged of kid maltreatment. Many African households have negative perceptual experience about societal workers who work on instances of alleged kid maltreatment, as they employ an appraisal and intercession procedure that is based on euro-centric kid protection processs and as such position black households, their civilization and life style as inherently debatable and need rectifying ( Chand, 1999 ) . This negative perceptual experience of societal work pattern by African households and kids populating in the UK strain evidences for misgiving and apprehensiveness and do working with such households a major challenge for societal workers. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) argued that black African kids and their households are more likely than white households to be investigated of kid maltreatment and hence are over-represented on the kid protection registry under the class of hapless parenting behavior. However, black African households are besides under-represented in having preventive supports such as lodging demands, fiscal benefits that is required to turn to any household demands and to better kids public assistance. Singh ( 2006 ) findings show that African households and their entrenched cultural and societal perceptual experiences of parenting behaviors are hard to understand in the context of modern-day societal work pattern and hence societal workers may be speedy to step in in such households. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) besides found in their research work that the bulk of black African households who have migrated to the UK because of war, poorness, and tribal lawlessnesss in their place states, besides have trouble non merely how to accommodate to the western civilization in which they find themselves but how they may be viewed by societal workers involved in kid attention. Most societal work professionals working with black African households do non appreciate the poorness background of such households and would experience justified to do opinions ensuing into misgiving and detachment from both parties. However, harmonizing to Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families places a demand on societal workers to see households backgrounds and cultural positions when covering with instances of kid maltreatment. Korbin ( 2004 ) argues that societal workers face troubles in using appropriate intercession in kid maltreat ment instances as the procedures involved in kid abuse appraisal may be complex and parental behaviors may non be the same in different civilizations and socio-economic scenes. In position of this perceptual experience, Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) states ‘that a focal point on ill-treatment or disfunction within African households can put on the line pigeonholing this cultural minority as deficient, therefore furthering pathological point of view of African household relationships ( p 478 ) . This raises the inquiry of what type of societal work intercession is needed to be used by societal workers working with black African households populating in economic poorness so that vulnerable kids are to the full supported and protected, and non merely pulling these kids into the kid protection system. This professional quandary in societal work pattern presents a major challenge and hence, calls for a new position in work political orientations and patterns, the manner information is disseminated on how the kid protection system works, developing on child-rearing differences in black African civilization, societal work values and heightening coaction with other professions. With a alteration in societal work pattern, societal workers will develop the accomplishments to separate between the manners of rearing inherent in African households which is non needfully harmful to kids and those rearing behaviors that are harmful. This point will be farther discussed in chapter two. The thesis will pull on societal work theories, policies and pattern, cardinal theoretical accounts and literature hunt from electronic diaries to net hunt on kid maltreatment, societal work intercession and child protection system. The chief accent of this thesis looks at the available literature on black African households involved in the kid protection system, concentrating on specific poverty-related parenting patterns that give rise to issues of kid maltreatment. The methodological analysis for this work is chiefly qualitative and the literature obtained from both primary and secondary beginnings. The thesis examines assorted issues such as how societal work professionals should comprehend and pull off child maltreatment among black African households populating below the poverty-line, what interventions societal workers need to use that would back up these households to supply equal child-care for their kids and the possible grounds why black African kids and their households m ay be over-represented in the kid protection systems. The first chapter examines the literature on black African kids and the kid protection system. Chapter two provides a treatment on the increased complexness of societal work intercession in kid maltreatment instances affecting black African households populating in poorness. It besides analyse how poorness could perplex rearing behaviors that impact on child-rearing which, tends to pull black African kids populating in the UK into the kid protection sphere. Then chapter three draws on statute laws and policies modulating societal work patterns in the UK. It besides examines modern-day societal work pattern in kid maltreatment instances among African households. Chapter four critically analyses the assorted methods of intercessions available to societal workers when working with black African households. Finally chapter five discusses the deductions of societal work intercession among African households populating in poorness. Chapter ONE Black AFRICAN CHILDREN AND CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEMS 1.1 The prevalence of Black kids in the kid protection system Many kids are drawn into the kid protection system for many different grounds. The bulk of these kids go through distressing and damaging experiences, which may include physical, emotional, sexual maltreatment and disregard. Some kids populating with hapless households come under the kid protection system as consequence of households parenting behaviors and patterns, subjugation, favoritisms and cultural values. Sing the kid protection system and black African households, Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2006 ) have critically analysed the grounds on the disproportional representation of black African households on the kid protection registry. Brophy et Al ( 2003 ) survey highlights the proportion of minority cultural households and their kids represented on the kid protection registry involve several allegations about parental behaviors and patterns. Chand ( 1999 ) states that ‘different child-rearing methods used in different civilizations mean that as an foreigner, understanding what i s the norm and what is aberrant is debatable and seeking to separate the hazards in one household from the another, societal workers may fall back on moral opinions ( p.72 ) . In modern-day societal work pattern many societal workers are faced with trouble state of affairss when measuring and doing determinations on kid attention issues among African kids and their households who are populating in poorness. It is overriding in position of available literature to state that when societal workers acknowledge and understands these households fiscal backgrounds and their cultural individuality through effectual communications, it is possible they will come to footings with some of their parenting behaviors and patterns. However, where households go over the boundaries of child-rearing to bring down physical and emotional injury on their kids, which is apparent in Victoria Climbie enquiry, it should be understood that such households have gone beyond what is acceptable non merely within the western civilization but in their ain civilization ( Chand, 1999 ) . Therefore, if societal workers understand the causes of parental behavioral forms of African households , they will be intelligent to find whether a peculiar parenting behaviors should be considered within the protection procedure or to supply advice and support for such households under kids in demand ( Chand, 1999 ) . The challenges societal work practicians experience when utilizing the appraisal processes every bit detailed in the Climbie Inquiry ( Laming, 2003 ) is important to the safety and protection of black kids whose households have immigrated into the UK. Sometimes societal workers may be stereotyped as racialist and ethnocentric, as they do non admit and turn to issues of poverty-related parental behavior of African households in the assessment procedure of a kid maltreatment instance ( Chand, 1999 ) . Under the Government s Every Child Matters policy, societal workers first precedence is to guarantee kids live with their households if it is best to make so. In add-on to this policy, it is the duty of the societal services or local governments to make the enabling environment for the proviso of preventive services to households so that these households can supply appropriate attention for their kids. Harmonizing to the Department for Education and Skills ( 2006b ) statistical informatio ns a important proportion of black African kids are on the kid protection registry. A figure of surveies tend to back up the position that households of these kids lives in poorness and battle to raise their kids to the criterion set up by authorities statute law. Therefore it is hard to state whether societal services are run intoing the docket detailed in the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( Department of Health, 2000 ) which places on societal workers the duty to see households backgrounds and cultural values when covering with child attention issues. Thoburn et Al. s ( 2005 ) reappraisal of the nature and results of kid public assistance services for black kids concluded that African kids are about twice every bit likely to be looked after than the white bulk kids in the population as a whole, which so suggest, that some of these kids will be accommodated under subdivision 20 of the 1989 Children Act, by virtuousness of being raised by households populating in poorness. However, there are a figure of contributory factors which could be perceived as of import in understanding the engagement of black African households with societal work bureaus and the attendant over-representation of their kids in the kid protection system. Child maltreatment and disregards may be linked to hapless parental patterns and poorness by households who are supposed to be responsible for looking after these kids. Therefore the poorness experienced by many African households and kids may be resolved through a more preventive public assistance services in stead than child protection services. Platt ( 2006 ) survey on the refocusing enterprise on societal work patterns from the kid protection orientation to a kid public assistance orientation underpins authorities statute law, policies and processs and direction attempts to airt societal work intercessions more towards public assistance services. Besides through kid public assistance patterns societal workers may appreciate the troubles that households experience and may endeavor to run into kids and their household fiscal and societal demands through a scope of societal and preventive services. 1.2 The authorities statute laws and policies The most relevant statute law in the UK that aims to protect kids from maltreatment and injury is the Children Act ( 1989 ) , of which Section 47 expects local governments to do questions into instances where they have sensible cause to surmise that a kid is enduring or likely to endure important injury and Section 17 makes proviso for a kid to be assessed with a position to the proviso of services to kids in demand ( Platt, 2006 ) . Therefore there are two unequivocal aims of the Children Act ( 1989 ) , the kid protection focal point and the kid public assistance focal point. Many black African kids referred to societal services under the kid protection system may non needfully be enduring from any injury or disregard if the state of affairs is considered in the context of rearing behaviors and patterns ( Chand, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Platt ( 2006 ) , the Audit Commission recommendation to switch from the popular investigational work usage by societal workers to a household support services, was a consequence of many weaknesss identified by many other authorities organic structures. This air current of alteration for societal work pattern was accepted by the Department of Health, after analyzing the publication, Child Protection: Messages from Research ( Department of Health, 1995 ) . Chand ( 1999 ) argues that the kid protection system tends to pull excessively many instances unsuitably onto the kid protection registry, of which many may be classified as border-line instances, that could hold being managed under the kids public assistance services. Whilst other research findings support the position that the kid protection system seems to hold achieved every bit much as could be expected in footings of forestalling farther maltreatment of vulnerable kids. Hayes and Spratt ( 2008 ) argue that such accomplishment is non in ways most readily understood by those who legislate, set policy and step public presentation. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) high spots in their survey that, ‘in state of affairss in which there is a hazard of maltreatment or disregard of African kids, as with other minority cultural kids, the literature suggests that fright of difference, combined with racialist stereotypes, may both worsen defensive pattern, taking to avoidance that can go forth kids unprotected ( p486 ) .The Department of Health ( 1995 ) emphasises that societal work professionals need to trust on assorted policies and steps since kid maltreatment is non an absolute construct and most household behaviors have to be seen in context before determinations of maltreatment are made ( Chand 1999, p. 70 ) . Although child protection societal workers in the UK are trained to follow the official counsel as set out in the Department of Health ( 1988 ) Protecting Children: A usher for Social Workers set abouting a Comprehensive Appraisal, this counsel in the context of black African kids and their households, autumn short in turn toing their basic demands ( Chand, 1999 ) . Against this background, the quality of societal work appraisal and, therefore intercession procedure used by societal workers may pigeonhole black African households, their parenting behavior and pattern and civilization as built-in indexs of kid maltreatment and demand correcting ( Chand, 1999 ) . The cardinal quandary confronting modern-day societal work pattern is the mode and extent societal workers should prosecute in societal public assistance services instead than in investigational processs and procedures, so as to airt its attempts chiefly to the hapless and destitute in society ( Karger A ; Hernandez, 2004 ) . From the 1990s there have been proactive and sustained attempts on behalf of the UK authorities to develop and advance statute law and policies, which challenge the influence of a kid protection civilization on direction and societal work pattern, which notably are perceived as falsifying the balance of service proviso to kids and households ( Spratt A ; Callan, 2004 ) . Pringle ( 1998 ) argued that the household support schemes may concentrate on the generalisation of responses compared with kid protection processs that target existent nature of the alleged maltreatment. Cleaver A ; Walker ( 2004 ) argued in their research, that the execution of this switch from kid protection to child public assistance services by societal work bureaus can hold negative and hard impact on the authorities Framework for the AssessmentofChildren in Need and their Families. Harmonizing to Hayes A ; Spratt ( 2008 ) the authorities has seen a singular decrease in the figure of kids drawn into the kid protection system, which commends local governments attempt to assist accomplish public presentation marks. Spratt A ; Callan ( 2004 ) criticized the decreases in figure of childrenon the kid protection registry, as being achieved mostly due to modern administration and steps topromote conformity with public presentation marks. However, following Baby ‘P study kid s s services watchdog, Ofsted, reported that a reappraisal of 173 serious instances in April 2009, found that societal workers and other bureaus, failed to move fleetly to set kids enduring from physical and neglect maltreatment onto the kid protection registry ( www.ofstednews.ofsted.gov.uk/article ) . Ofsted besides identified certain hapless societal work patterns such as the failure of societal services workers to place and describe marks of maltreatment, hapless recording and communicating, and limited cognition and application of basic policies and processs ( www.ofstednews.ofsted.gov.uk/article ) .This study has since seen an addition in the figure of kids drawn into the kid protection system. Harmonizing to Chand ( 1999 ) , the UK authorities reiterated that the primary and official responsibilities of local governments within the context of the 1989 Children Act is to concentrate more on safeguarding kids through the proviso of advice and support services under ‘children in demand . In Spratt A ; Callan ( 2004 ) study the Department of Health estimations four million kids populating in England are vulnerable to harm or pretermit, due to their households populating far below the poorness line, yet merely 300-400,000 of these kids are known to societal services at any given clip. Thoburn et Al ( 2000 ) survey on households, whose kids were at hazard of enduring emotional maltreatment and disregard, shows that 98 % of the kids brought to the attending of kid protection system, their households live in poorness. Parton ( 1997 ) argued that due to the correlativity between poorness and the demand for proviso of public services, merely the really little figure of vulne rable kids who are designated as kids in demand receive services under the public assistance service. Spratt A ; Callan ( 2004 ) suggest that a more effectual manner societal work can assist such vulnerable kids, peculiarly black African kids, who may be over-represented on the kid protection registry, is the authorities increasing resources to local governments, increasing the figure of societal workers and reshaping the societal services system. Therefore, with respect to the authoritiess proviso of resources, statute law and policies, the theoretical account or intercession approach societal workers may use when working with black African households populating in utmost poorness, will find whether a household receives a kid protection service or a kid public assistance service. Chapter TWO Poverty AND BLACK AFRICAN FAMILIES 2.1 Poverty and Child Protection The country of poorness and kid protection with black African households has been the beginning of contention in British societal work research for many decennaries. Many research workers find a correlativity between economic want such as poorness and societal exclusion and rearing behavior and pattern, child-rearing capablenesss and accomplishments which are a requirement for proper kid development anyplace in the universe. Furthermore, harmonizing to Jordan ( 2001 ) poorness is correlated with studies of maltreatment and disregard. For case, the National Centre for Children in Poverty found in 1990 that ‘the incidence of kid maltreatment and disregard, every bit good as the badness of the ill-treatment reported, is much greater for kids from low-income households than for others ( Jordan, 2001 p.1 ) . As a big figure of Africans in the UK live below the poorness line, it may be reckoned that most black African kids on the kid protection registry live below the poorness line. Brophy et Al ( 2003 ) argue that many households brought to the attending of the kid protection system lives in utmost poorness and may see societal exclusion. Black African kids populating in the UK may be over-represented in the kid protection system for grounds such as physical maltreatment or disregard ; therefore it is apprehensible to state that there is a correlativity between maltreatment and parenting behaviors and patterns. The inquiry is why African households and their kids populating in poorness, who are alleged of kid maltreatment, are over-represented in the kid protection system? Sossou A ; Yogtiba ( 2008 ) noted in their survey that a kid is the most valuable plus of any traditional African household, as kids symbolise position, regard and completeness of the atomic household, if that is the instance, so it is ironical to see African households and their kids to be over-represented in the kid protection system. Many black African households in the UK still lives below the poverty-line though they undertake different types of unskilled or skilled occupations, as they support big households in their states of beginning ( Anane-Agyei, 2002 ) . It may be think that poorness is linked with other societal disadvantages such as hapless instruction, limited employment chances, and hapless wellness and may hold lay waste toing effects for kids s development and life opportunities. Research shows that many African households and their kids may hold insecure in-migration position and their existing fiscal quandaries merely help to perplex their parenting behaviors and patterns. Penrose ( 2002 ) survey shows that African households seeking refuge are frequently forced to populate at degree of poorness that is merely unacceptable, and this puts fiscal restraint on them to supply equal child care for their kids. Unemployment degrees are known to be really high among African households, and they are besid es capable of stigmatisation and bias by the larger community that are suppose to accept them. Harmonizing to Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) in-migration and refuge position determines income, employment chances and entree to back up services for many African people in the UK and these issues of entitlement to services merely complicate their instances. Some African households populating in the UK may be without occupations and may non besides be entitled to societal and economic benefit and therefore may happen it hard to care for their kids. Children turning up with parents populating in poorness may be deprived of proper childhood development ( Montith A ; Eithne, 2005 ) . African households populating in poorness and neglecting to supply good attention for their kids may be perceived by societal work professionals as neglecting in their parental duties ( Chand, 1999 ) . For this ground, societal workers may step in in such households and frequently than non they are drawn into the kid protection system. Amin A ; Oppenheim ( 2002 ) argue that the unfamiliar cultural outlook of black African households populating in the UK someway contribute to the high degree of poorness they experience. Research shows that many African households suffer from institutional subjugation including lodging, employment, instruction and wellness which non merely means that they are more likely to see poorness and want, but besides more susceptible to societal work intercessions in kid maltreatment or maltreatment allegations. Corby ( 1993 ) noted that it may be expected that black African kids are over-represented in kid maltreatment instances because their households are more unfastened to surveillance as they show high degrees of poorness that complicate their parenting behaviors ( Chand, 1999 p73 ) . In a broader position, Pearce A ; Bozalek ( 2004 ) emphasise that ‘the kid protection system that exist in Britain will be unfamiliar to many African households, particularly those more late arrived , as similar province systems do non be in most African states, peculiarly where socio-economic factors, political instability and force overshadow intra-familial kid ill-treatment and effectual intercession into child maltreatment and disregard ( Bernard A ; Gupta, 2006 p481 ) . Brophy et Al ( 2003 ) survey supports the above averment that African households experience favoritism and insecurity in kid maltreatment instances, as the tools for measuring maltreatment are frequently euro-centric prejudice and prejudice the households. Chand ( 1999 ) survey expresses the consciousness that black African households are disadvantaged through subjugation in all countries of society and this should non reflect in societal work pattern. Gibbon et Al ( 2003 ) findings show that the kid protection system was picking up more alleged kid maltreatment instances unsuitably and seting more households and kids on the kid protection registry than kids who are capable to societal public assistance processs. Therefore the over-representation of African households on the kid protection registry somehow, undermines the authorities purpose of maintaining kids with households and cut downing the figure of kids that are drawn onto the kid protection registry. The Department of Health ( 1995 ) papers on kid protection identified some pertinent defects with the kid protection system, as it seems to promote unneeded kid protection intercessions in border-line kid maltreatment instances. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) in their survey of black African kids and the kid protection system suggest that there are a series of interactions between environmental factors such as poorness, in-migration position and societal exclusion that affect the life opportunities of many African kids and the capacity of their parents to supply equal attention. Dowling ( 1999 ) realise that societal work pattern in the UK focal point less on poverty-alleviating schemes but throw more resources behind safeguarding and protecting vulnerable kids from maltreatment or ill-treatment. Social workers need to understand the context in which maltreatment occurs, irrespective of race and civilization, to develop an appraisal and intercession procedure that is fairer for black households as they are more likely to endure racism and subjugation. In position of the above statement, it is pertinent that societal workers know when to use preventive steps to back up black African households who have fiscal demands and when to take such households through the kid protection system in the pursuit for safeguarding kids. All these factors together create complex demands for many African kids populating in the UK, and, in many fortunes increase their exposures which draw them into the kid protection sphere. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) argued that merely by developing effectual relationships with African households can societal work professionals can get down to understand their parenting behaviors and patterns. 2.2 Poverty and Child Welfare Services Current literature shows that poorness experience by most black African households populating in the UK could be alleviated by societal work services that offer a matter-of-fact public assistance services instead than pulling these households and kids into the kid protection system. Brophy et Al ( 2003 ) survey suggests that in-migration and refuge issues, combined with poorness, are likely to be some of the grounds for the increased complexness for societal work professionals measuring and step ining kid maltreatment instances affecting black African kids. The Department of Health challenges societal workers with the duty to work with Section 17 of the Children Act 1995, so as to supply equal societal support for kids in demand via the kid public assistance services ( Platt, 2006 ) . However, societal work bureaus have non to the full achieved the authorities docket of relieving poorness experience by many households and kids due to unequal resources at all degrees of societal work pattern. The Department of Health have indicated that most households, battle to convey up their kids in conditions of stuff and emotional hardship ( DoH, 2001 ) . For case black African households sing poorness may neglect in their duty to supply proper attention for their kids as they spent about all their clip working to do ends meet. Such kids barely experience household dainties such as traveling on a household vacation trip, holding birthday parties and they are deprived of holding basic playing playthings and games that help kids to larn and turn into maturity. The deficiency of low-cost basic demands for kids of hapless households complicated with other societal hardships may lend to hapless kids developing aggressive behaviors, low self-pride, picking up awkward attitudes, and may to endure from societal want. Fontes ( 2005 ) realises that many traditional immigrant households, where black Africans are portion of, may utilize an important manner of parenting, demanding entire obeisan ce and regard from their kids. Although these parental patterns may non needfully represent kid maltreatment, it may collide with the child-rearing norms, and therefore seems to convey African kids and households to the attending of the kid protection system ( Fontes, 2005 ) . When societal workers start admiting boundary line kid maltreatment instances and understand the troubles households populating in poorness experience in raising their kids, they would be able to strike a good balance between when to use a kid protection intercession and a kid public assistance intercession ( Spratt A ; Callan, 2004 ) . It is apparent that kids populating in poorness may profit from the kid public assistance services as stipulated in subdivision 17 of the 1989 Children Act, as it aims at relieving poorness in households and kids in demand ( Platt, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Thoburn et Al ( 2007 ) probes of alleged kid maltreatment instances tend to concentrate more on hazard appraisal instead than assessment about developmenta l and societal demands of the kid in entity. In peculiar, societal workers transporting out an probe into alleged kid maltreatment may non pick up parental and child upbringing issues ensuing from poorness or societal want ( Farmer and Owen, 2005 ) . Brophy et Al ( 2003 ) survey high spots ‘that many black African parents, saw province intercession in rearing as a complete bete noire and distrust.. , particularly where they have immigrated from states in political convulsion and with no kid public assistance services ( Bernard A ; Gupta, 2008 p.481 ) . Arguably societal work intercession in child ill-treatment or maltreatment instances seems to belie Section 17 of the Children Act, as recent research reveals high degrees of satisfaction amongst parents and kids having societal public assistance services compare to those households drawn into kid protection ( Tunstill and Aldgate, 2000 ) . The relationship between societal work mission with respect to poorness and the type of societal work pattern poses a quandary for societal workers. The refocusing enterprise of societal work pattern, as defined by Platt ( 2006 ) , in kid maltreatment instances may profit households populating in utmost poorness, merely when societal work intercessions aim at advancing societal alteration in households. Therefore, societal public assistance intercessions promote and empower households with societal and fiscal troubles and who besides suffer societal exclusion to develop appropriate parental behavior and accomplishment that encourage proper kid att ention ( Monnickendam and Monnickendam, 2009 ) . 2.3 Poverty and Parenting Practices Poverty among many black African households affects the physical and emotional developments of African kids populating anyplace in the universe. Poverty may act upon parents behaviors and capablenesss to supply for their households the basic demands of life. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) survey highlights the limited attending given to child-rearing patterns of African households in kid public assistance research in the UK. Harmonizing to Chand ( 1999 ) different child-rearing patterns exist in different civilizations, but there is merely one sort of child-rearing pattern that is considered ‘normal . Many research findings point out to the fact that poverty- related parenting patterns influence the lives of many African kids involved in the kid protection system. Therefore, Child ( 1999 ) remarks that when differences in child-rearing and ethnicity are explored the black household is frequently pathologized and their strengths ignored. For case black African households are exce ssively rigorous and crush their kids or tend to penalize their kids in a more punitory manner. Therefore, harmonizing to Chand ( 1999 ) subject is one country where African households are found to be over-represented in the kid protection system. It is of import, that societal workers redirect attending from child protection intercessions to the proviso of preventive services to back up households in demand. Shor ( 2000 ) argue that the relationship between values and kid upbringing forms illuminates the relationship between poorness and parenting behaviors, as parents from low societal category differ in footings of the values they uphold for their kids. Shor ( 2000 ) besides argue that there is correlativity between black African female parents with low income position utilizing a more autocratic attack of caring for their kids than female parents with high income position. Therefore, harmonizing to Fontes ( 2005 ) , many traditional immigrant households may utilize an important manner of parenting, demanding entire obeisance and regard from their kids, although this parental behavior may non needfully represent kid maltreatment, but may conflict the norms of the land, and convey such parents to the attending of the kid protection system. It is hence paramount for societal work professionals working with black African households populating in the UK to develop the necessity cognition and accomplishments, non merely across diverse civilizations but understanding the influence of poorness and societal exclusion on parental behaviors and capablenesss. 2.4 The Government Regulatory Policies In the early 1990s there was an tremendous authorities attempt to develop and advance policies which challenge the influence of a kid protection civilization on direction and societal work pattern, which has been perceived as falsifying the balance of service proviso to kids and households ( Spratt and Callan, 2004 ) . The refocusing enterprise necessitated the displacement in societal work pattern from what appeared to be an overly kid protection position towards a kid public assistance orientation in the United Kingdom ( Platt, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Platt ( 2006 ) the protagonism for a displacement in societal work pattern from an overly focal point kid protection work position towards a kid public assistance pattern shows a gradual move towards poverty relief among hapless households populating in the UK. Both Parton ( 1995 ) and Pelton ( 1998 ) research supports the demand to get the better of pertinent obstructions in the mode societal work is pattern to accomplish societal al teration at household or community degrees, and emphasised the failure of the child-care systems effort to pull off child protection hazards and run into the demands of kids and their households. However, the authorities s policy as stated in the 1989 Children Act aims to incorporate kid protection and kid public assistance services. Harmonizing to Platt ( 2006 ) many kids who are topics of subdivision 47 probes are besides eligible for services as ‘children in demand . To reinstate public trust, the authorities have redefined the primary responsibilities of local governments within the context of the 1989 Children Act so as to safeguard and supply services needed by hapless kids by carry oning initial appraisals, instead than child protection probes in boundary line instances. This policy execution has become possible by procedural accommodations to other legislative counsel such as Working Together to Safeguard Children and the subsequent execution of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( Platt, 2006 ) . The mid-1990s proverb a turning consensus that many kids who are topics of Section 47 probes due to alleged maltreatment or disregard are besides eligible for services as kids in demand as in Section 17 of the 1989 Children Act ( Platt, 2006 ) . Often, Platt ( 2006 ) reckoned such kids do non have public assistance services because local authorization societal work excessively focuses on kid protection instead than household support oriented services. In position of the refocusing inaugural societal workers have the legislative backup to near households alleged of border-line kid maltreatment to utilize the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families as counsel with a position to happening appropriate societal work intercession pattern that may turn to the demands of these kids. In the UK the statute law on kids welfare recommends all referrals of kid maltreatment instances must ab initio be offered a comprehensive kid in need appraisal except in exigency inst ances or where it is suspected that a kid is enduring from important injury ( Platt, 2006 ) . The Children Act ( 1989 ) is the chief authorities statute law taking to revolutionize societal work pattern and proceedings refering the public assistance of kids in the UK. The Act considers the primary duty of child-rearing remainders with households and hence, kids involvements will be served best by back uping them to turn up with their ain household. Besides the Children Act ( 1989 ) aid harmonize household liberty and to enable households to exert their parental duties without unneeded province intervention and for the province to support and protect kids merely where parents are neglecting to run into their kids demands ( www.devon.gov.uk/child-protection-procedures accessed 09/01/2010 ) . Under the Children Act 1989, local governments have a general responsibility to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids in demand within their country. The statute law requires local governments to measure a kid s developmental demands so as to advance their public assistance, a nd by making so kids are supported to populate with their households ( www.devon.gov.uk/child-protection-procedures accessed 09/01/2010 ) . In the contrary, Section 47 requires local authorization to look into when there is sensible cause to surmise that a kid is enduring, or is likely to endure important injury. The probe will include an aim of the demands of the kid, including the hazard of maltreatment and demand for protection, every bit good as the household s ability to run into those demands ( www.devon.gov.uk/child-protection-procedures accessed 09/01/2010 ) . Therefore, societal workers need to do opinions in kid maltreatment instances on how to step in so that kids do non go on to go forth in unsafe and hazardous state of affairss or of taking kids unnecessarily from their household. The quandary of striking the right balance between child protection and kid public assistance services in child maltreatment instances is for societal workers to establish their opinion on matter-of-fact appraisal of the demands of the kids and the parental capableness to provide for their kids demands. Chapter THREE SOCIAL WORK PRACTICES In societal work pattern, it is of import for societal workers to establish their work on theoretical premises, whether they are cognizant of them or non ( Munro, 1998 ) . This theoretical model ushers societal workers in make up ones minding who or what should be the primary focal point of appraisal or intercession and, every bit good as the aims and the procedures of societal work pattern ( Healy, 2005 ) . Many other authors like Fook et Al ( 2000 ) , who are of the position that societal workers need to utilize theories in their work pattern, besides emphasized why societal workers should develop the capacity to place, usage and develop societal work theory in their pattern ( Healy, 2005 ) . Social work has its roots in the battle of society to cover with poorness and its eventful jobs. Many research workers link societal work pattern to the political orientation of charity work, but in a broader perspective societal work embraces both the preventive and protective facet of vulner able people within society ( www.globalvision.org Accessed on 14/12/2009 ) . In the history of British societal work pattern, the term encompasses the usage of societal work cognition and accomplishments within the model of societal attention administration so as to heighten the proviso of services and pattern which is consistent with the BASW Codes of Practice ( www.basw.co.uk/ accessed 01/02/2010 ) . This construct of societal work pattern promotes protection, safeguarding and societal inclusion and provides life chances for people utilizing societal work services. In the codification of moralss, it is emphasise that for societal work pattern to be successful, societal work bureaus must work efficaciously with other attached administrations such as the constabulary service, wellness service, and instruction service so as to advance kids public assistance ( www.basw.co.uk/ accessed 01/02/2010 ) . In the huge bulk of cases societal work pattern is a collaborative activity non an single activity whether as societal worker employee or an independent societal wo rker. Social work pattern purposes at altering people s behaviors in the mode that will supply life options for people and to ease easy passages of life state of affairss ( Smale et Al, 2000 ) . Social work is a demanding profession which is based on a organic structure of values, cognition, accomplishments and personal properties, and requires the committedness of societal workers to continually upgrade their cognition and accomplishments in their field of pattern. The International Federation of Social Workers provinces that: ‘Social work bases its methodological analysis on a systematic organic structure of evidence-based cognition derived from research and pattern rating, including local and autochthonal cognition particular to its context. It recognizes the complexness of interactions between human existences and their environment, and the capacity of people both to be affected by and to change the multiple influences upon them including bio-psychosocial factors. The societal work profession draws on theories of human development and behavior and societal systems to analyze complex state of affairss and to ease single, organisational, societal and cultural alterations ( www.ifsw.org accessed 14/01/2010 p.1 ) . Harmonizing Graham ( 1999 ) the history of African heritage in the development of societal public assistance and societal work is found in the deferrals of British history but it remains mostly unacknowledged and sparsely documented as societal work continues to be steeped in the professional surroundings of an bing ethnocentric cognition base and value system ( p.263 ) . Research grounds ( Graham, 1999 ) shows that societal work pattern within the black African community in the UK has emerged out of concerns about the wellbeing of kids and households whose experience of captivity and servitude necessitated attempts to better their life conditions. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work ( CCETSW ) recognises that the effects of racism on black African people are incompatible with the values of societal work and hence seeks to battle racialist patterns in all countries of its duties ( CCETSW, 1996 ) . Dominelli ( 2002 ) advocates for anti-oppressive and anti-dis criminatory societal work pattern to define subjugation and racism which breed some of the societal jobs that affect traditional societal work mark populations. Earlier research by Platt ( 1999 ) shows an increasing consciousness among societal workers that the traditional societal work theoretical accounts are non effectual in turn toing the demands of African people in the UK. However, the current societal work theory and pattern which is founded on ethnocentric value systems, lack the necessary resources to turn to the demands of African households and their kids ( Chand, 1999 ) . It is hence pertinent for societal work pattern to be designed to reflect other diverse positions and cultural values, peculiarly African households and their kids who are more unfastened to surveillance, as they besides show high degree of poorness. 3.1 Contemporary Social Work Practices It was non until the mid 20th century when the International Federation of Social Workers, defined the nucleus purpose of societal work to be relieving poorness, emancipating vulnerable and laden people with the ultimate purpose to advance societal inclusion ( Horner, 2003 ) . The Modernisation docket introduced by the Labour authorities in 1997 set the foundation for the construct of coaction and partnership to be established between professions and services. Following up to this, the construct of partnership and coaction have become a on the job papers for societal work pattern and underpin long term planning ( Whittington, 2003 ) . Crisp et Al ( 2003 ) besides found that when societal workers engage with other inter-professional and multi-agency pattern, it promotes prospect for common evidences with other professions, and the potency for professional differences to be recognised and negotiated. In modern-day societal work pattern, the National Association of Social Workers ( NASW ) codification of moralss emphasizes the importance for societal workers to understand the centrality of relationships as an of import vehicle for societal alteration. Social workers are encouraged to prosecute service users as spouses in assisting them to achieve the needful alteration. Most research shows that societal work appraisal and intercession are built-in characteristics of modern-day pattern in societal work services. Social work appraisal represents the entry of a systematic attack to set up a common relationship between a societal worker and service users. Social work pattern is characterised by the new balance in the relationship between the province and the household as societal workers remain responsible for pull offing child protection hazards and supplying kid public assistance services within an incorporate system. In Spratt and Callan ( 2004 ) survey it is realised that the bala nce between safeguarding and advancing public assistance services for kids in demand who are populating with their households in the UK has non yet been achieved as set out in the authorities policy developments. Lord Laming s Report on the decease of Victoria Climbie lead to the publication of the papers, Every Child Matters, which set the precedence for kids non merely to be protected from important injury but to be safeguarded and their public assistance promoted ( Parton, 2006 ) . A survey paper published by the Department of Health ( 2001 ) indicates that many households irrespective of their ethnicity and faith, battle to convey up their kids in conditions of poorness and societal exclusions. Social exclusions and poorness make it highly hard for many African households to develop the appropriate parenting accomplishments needed for proper child-rearing, and sometimes may dominate kid ill-treatment. Pierce A ; Bozalek ( 2004 ) suggest that many African households seeking refuge or migrated to the UK are unfamiliar with the British kid protection system, as similar province systems do non be in Africa, and hence happen the systems intimidating and unfriendly. Brophy et Al ( 2003 ) argued that poorness among black African households may impact the development of many African kids and their parent s capacity to supply for them. It is hence paramount that poorness is considered to the full understand by societal work professionals during the initial appraisal o f households involved in alleged kid maltreatment instances. Platt ( 1999 ) argued that the refocusing of societal work intercession is a consequence of increasing figure of kid protection allegations referred into the system, and the proportion of instances taking to societal work intercessions. This type of intercession draws a big figure of kids into the kid protection system compared to kids who are capable to further public assistance processs. In the context of societal work patterns, it is of import to see the effectivity of the kid protection system, as it seems to accomplish every bit much as could be expected in footings of the limited purpose of forestalling farther maltreatment to identifiable vulnerable kids. Social workers are trained to be able to ease or authorise households and their kids to convey about societal alteration, but specialised accomplishments and cognition are needed to place jobs with households and their kids involve in kid protection and besides to happen sound intercessions that would convey about the necessary societal alteration. Crisp et Al ( 2003 ) states that societal work assessment ‘involves roll uping and analyzing information about people with the purpose of understanding their state of affairs and finding recommendations for any farther professional intercession ( p.3 ) . Monnickendam A ; Monnikendam ( 2009 ) argue that the cardinal quandary confronting modern-day societal wor k pattern is the extent and mode to perpetrate to societal public assistance policy or the extent to direct its attempts chiefly to the hapless and destitute. Arguably societal work pattern that engage in societal public assistance policy tends to turn to poorness through macro-level intercession which aims at advancing societal alteration, but societal work patterns taking at single households populating in poorness consequence in poorness relief by helping those in demand to develop better life style schemes. Therefore, Monnickendam A ; Monnikendam ( 2009 ) research shows that the purpose of societal work pattern in achieving societal alteration and covering with poorness is barely come-at-able merely by micro pattern. Henceforth the relationship between the mission of societal work with respect to poorness and the type of societal work intercession needed to protect and safeguard kids from farther maltreatment becomes a hard challenge for societal workers. Chapter FOUR SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION Research grounds suggests that modern-day societal workers are faced with the quandary of how to pull off the complex demands of many hapless African households so as to assist advance societal alteration. Harmonizing to Okitikpi and Aymer s ( 2003 ) societal work professionals working with African refugees are frequently defeated and ill resourced to pull off households who suffer from hard lifestyle experiences due to poverty and societal exclusions. Besides Okitikpi and Aymer ( 2003 ) are of the position that jobs of poorness and working in partnership with African households alleged of kid maltreatment or ill-treatment would be better and easier managed should societal workers engage in unfastened direct intercessions. Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) highlights the troubles societal workers face when measuring and doing intercessions sing African kids and their households whose civilizations differ from the bulk white population in the UK. Therefore the statement that the mission of societal work is to advance societal alteration and alleviate poorness in society by prosecuting in societal public assistance policy instead than intercessions at household degrees is presently the pivot of strong argument. The term societal work intercession normally describes work undertaken with persons, households, groups and communities. In this context the term is to cover the usage of societal work cognition and accomplishments when utilizing it within a societal attention administration to ease the proviso of services and pattern consistent with the Codes of Practice and with criterions of service and pattern, and to advance societal inclusion and life chances of people utilizing the services ( Scots Executive, 2005 ) . 4.1 Types of Social Work Intervention Harmonizing to Elde-Woodward ( 2002 ) , there are three cardinal methods or phases of intercession. The first method of intercession, Elde-Woodward ( 2002 ) describes as macro societal work intercession which involves directing societal work pattern to society or communities as a whole. This type of societal work pattern includes policy forming and protagonism on a national or international graduated table. The 2nd method of intercession is mezzo societal work pattern, which involves working with bureaus, little organisations, and other little groups straight or indirectly related to societal work pattern to do policies or developing plans for a peculiar community. The 3rd method of intercession is the micro societal work pattern which involves offering direct service to persons and households Elde-Wood, 2002 ) . Hartnett et Al ( 2005 ) research on the function perceptual experiences of societal workers and societal work pupils shows that merely really few really prosecute in policy- practice that focal point on societal policy preparation and protagonism. There are a broad assortment of activities that falls under the class of societal work pattern and societal work professionals plants in many different scenes of employment. Basically societal workers engage in clinical pattern, find themselves working with persons or households. However, societal workers who serve in community pattern are engage with the mezzo or macro phases of societal work ( Elde-Wood, 2002 ) . Spratt et Al ( 2004 ) findings shows that societal work intercession with persons or households is the most popular and effectual method of intercession that conveying approximately societal alteration in single lives. Social work intercession aims to assist kids or households to place, and to set up appropriate relationships with societal workers that will heighten their support ( Scots Executive, 2005 ) . The intent of the intercession is diverse and ranges from altering behaviors to altering life state of affairss and passages ( Smale, Tuson and Statham, 2000 ) . 4.2 Identifying and admiting kid maltreatment Many schools of idea argue that societal workers could help households populating in poorness to place issues of kid maltreatment by demoing empathy, set uping working relationships and prosecuting in appropriate intercessions. In any of these state of affairss there are a figure of factors doing African households populating in poorness to be alleged of maltreating or mistreating their kids. Some of these factors are hapless parenting patterns, deficiency of cognition about the Torahs refering in the state of abode and ethno-centric favoritism and racism ( Elder-Woodward, 2002 ) . Child maltreatment instances referred by other bureaus for the attending of local authorization societal services may ensue in intercessions that normally draw kids into kid protection system. Such intercessions may non ever factor the fiscal and societal fortunes of such parents in the initial appraisal procedure. For case, parents populating on meager income may happen it hard to supply equal attention f or their kids, or such parents may non see the legal deductions of go forthing their kids entirely in the house and traveling to work. Most frequently than non such kids are seen rolling the streets or going school dropouts due to hapless parental attention and support. Intervention within the societal work procedure is non a inactive, snapshot or a holistic procedure whereby societal workers arrives at unequivocal reply to protect vulnerable kids from farther injury. However, the cardinal interpersonal accomplishments require of societal workers is the key to placing the possible causes of child maltreatment or ill-treatment in a household scene, through the edifice of appropriate relationship with the households and join forcesing with other interested bureaus ( Lloyd and Taylor, 1990 ) . Most frequently than non societal workers take ethnocentric and prejudice attack at the initial contact with African households accused of kid maltreatment and accordingly arrive at a judgemental determination. Intervention accomplishments used by societal workers tantrums most easy into the traditional models in which societal work is normally taught to measure uping pupils, but less easy recognized as intercession by most societal workers one time in pattern. A rguably, the nucleus accomplishments of intercession have non been grasped in its entity by rehearsing societal workers and hence are non consciously transferred across state of affairss where is most needful. 4.3 Intervening kid maltreatment Social work involves step ining kids and household s state of affairs and jobs through assessment of what information is available and what information is gathered from the household after ab initio measuring the household s fiscal and societal position, with coaction with other administrations and professionals working with the household ( Scots Executive, 2005 ) . Many writers argue that societal worker should take households alleged of kid maltreatment through the intercession procedure, foregrounding and explicating the importance of working together to hold on the most appropriate intercession needed to convey societal alteration. Furthermore, societal workers may utilize a scope of cognition, theoretical accounts and models to make up ones mind what method of intercession is needed to accomplish the coveted consequence ( Scots Executive, 2005 ) . Social workers need to guarantee that information gathered from the appraisal procedure leads to informed intercession, through set u ping a better working relationship of trust with households and other professionals. Social workers acknowledgment and apprehension of parents behavioral forms, complicated with poorness, apprehension of diverse civilizations and edifice of good working relationships are critical to successful intercessions ( Scots Executive, 2005 ) . There is grounds in the literature to propose that societal workers and other related professionals have trouble furthering good working relationship with households alleged of kid maltreatment instances as such households have no trust in the kid protection system ( Chand,1999 ) . Therefore societal workers need to develop the necessity accomplishments and behaviors to understand the jobs of households populating below the poorness line, and who may hold small or no cognition of the kid protection system in the UK ( Bernard A ; Gupta, 2008 ) . In acknowledgment of the troubles inherent in deploying effectual intercessions the Department of Health introduced the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH, 2000 ) . 4.4Social Work Intervention and environmental influences Bernard A ; Gupta ( 2008 ) literature reappraisal on black African kids and kid protection system emphasized the inauspicious effects of poorness and societal exclusion on rearing capacity and kids s development, which have been identified as a major factor in most households involved in child care proceedings ( Brophy et al, 2003 ) . African households are proportionately more likely to populate in poorness than bulk Whites in Britain as many undertake low-income paid occupations ( Kyambi, 2005 ) , have their rights to back up services withdrawn under subdivision 17 of the 1989 Children Act ( Kholi, 2006 ) and income, employment chances and entree to back up services are determined by their in-migration and refuge position ( Bernard A ; Gupta, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to ( Montith A ; McLaughlin, 2005 ) the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, recognises the demand to protect kids who experience a disadvantaged childhood due to households populating in poorness, and requires all authoritiess to guarantee that all kids have an equal criterion of life as a basic right. The UN recognizes that want during childhood undermines the cardinal rights which kids, every bit good as grownups, should bask, including entree to identify services such as wellness, instruction and societal services ( Monteith A ; McLaughlin, 2005 ) . Against this background, ( Monteith A ; McLaughlin, 2005 ) the Labour authorities pledge to cut downing poorness in the UK state was a measure frontward to accomplish societal alteration among households ; nevertheless, the docket did non specifically specify the focal point groups that are chiefly populating in utmost poorness. The Labour authorities s anti poorness scheme involves policies to increase the incomes of hapless households by bettering child-related benefits and revenue enhancement credits and the debut of a national lower limit pay ( Monteith A ; McLaughlin, 2005 ) . For case, the authorities s Certain Start enterprise and the National Childcare Strategy in the UK provide low-cost child care proviso for working pare

Cinematography in The Revenant essays

Cinematography in The Revenant essays For many years, motion pictures have been a primary form of entertainment. The principals of movie making are utilized for the enhancement of our cinematic experience. The cinematography is the technique that captures the movement of images in motion pictures. Moreover, the functions of cinematography affect the ambiance of the movie as well as the audiences feelings. The features give an excellent demonstration through lighting, camera movement, and framing and point of view in the Oscar-winning movie called The Revenant. Along with conversation, these three elements help express the central theme of the film. Lighting is not just shining a light on a character, or the essence of natural light, its the essential piece of cinemas visual design that creates the emotional impact which contributes to the effect of each scene. The first reaction to darkness and light is an ingrained facet of human psychology that filmmakers have employed to have an effect on the way audiences respond to the narrative's development. Notably, the cinematographer chooses what kind of light or lights will be used, how many or much may be needed, as well as the precise positioning. Lighting has three central purposes; to clarify images, to project realism, and for the creation of atmosphere or emotional effects i.e. effectual light. Shooting a film using natural light can be difficult, but they did a good job of it in The Revenant; it drew the audience in and heightened the interpretation of reality. The only scene in the movie that utilized a touch of creative artificial lighting was a campfire scene where Leonardo DiCaprio, known in the film as Hugh Glass, attempts to keep warm on his continual movement through the woods. The variable winds caused the fire to behave in a distracting way, therefore, Emanuele Lubezki, the cinematographer employed an aesthetic effect using light bulbs around the fire to assimilate a sea of f...

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The chief executive officer is Tim Armstrong (AOL, Inc. 2013). The company is committed to conducting operations in ways that conserve the environment through reduction of energy consumption in computer servers, implementing energy-efficient data centers, reduction in carbon footprint, green building, and recycling of plastic bottles, toner cartridges and aluminum cans (AOL, Inc. 2013). The company has strengthened communities through employee volunteers, donation of computer labs, empowering consumers like users of Huffing post, supporting the advertising partners like through AOL network and advocating for internet integrity and safety (Benn and Bolton, 2011). The company has a diversified workforce that caters for wide range of interests and needs (AOL, Inc. 2013). In addition, the compensation is fair and employment practices prohibit discrimination (AOL, Inc. 2013). However, the company must increase resources committed to social responsibility activities by at least 10 percent of the annual revenues and use at least 5 percent of the profits in promoting internet safety and integrity values. The primary stakeholders have a direct interest in AOL, Inc decision-making and operations and include shareholders, customers, government, creditors, employees, strategic advertising partners, and communities (Benn and Bolton, 2011). The secondary stakeholders have an indirect interest in AOL, Inc operations and include labor unions, the media, competitors, advocacy groups, and research centers. The primary stakeholders are either positively or negatively affected by the decisions of the management while the secondary stakeholders are not directly affected by the actions of the management (Benn and Bolton, 2011). The primary stak

Charlie Chaplin & the Little Tramp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Charlie Chaplin & the Little Tramp - Essay Example Susan Beegel has recently offered the intriguing speculation that the character f Manuel Garcia was based partially on the nineteenth-century matador Manuel Garcia "El Espartero." (Beegel 12-23) Hemingway's article in the Toronto Star Weekly (October 17, 1923) continues to suggest, however, that the character in question was inspired largely by Manuel Garcia Lopez, called "Maera," and his chaotic bullfight at Pamplona in July 1923. Hemingway was a relatively inexperienced spectator when he wrote the article for the Toronto Star Weekly. In fact, he had never seen a bullfight until earlier that spring, and the title f the article, "World Series f Bullfighting a Mad, Whirling Carnival," (White 99-108) characterizes his rather unsubtle response to what he saw. By contrast, in the so-called "miniature" that he wrote about the fictionalized "death" f Maera-shortly after seeing the fight-Hemingway's tone is, despite the subject matter, coldly, if not grotesquely, ironic. Although he had completed a draft f the miniature by late July, he apparently revised it in response to Ezra Pound's comments, because he wrote Pound that he had "redone the death f Maera altogether different.... The new death is good." (Baker 91) Although Hemingway is not, ... Indeed, the potential comedy f Maera's cinematic "death" was not lost on Scott Fitzgerald, who parodied the miniature in a letter to Hemingway in the fall f 1926, a year after the miniature appeared as "Chapter XIV" f In Our Time: "The King f Bulgaria began to whirl round and round.... Soon he was whirling faster and faster. Then he was dead." By the time Fitzgerald wrote him, however, Hemingway had long since moved from comparing Maera's death (in the miniature) to a sped-up film, to comparing Manuel Garcia's bullfight (in "The Undefeated") to a pratfall ballet which echoed not just Maera's bullfight at Pamplona in 1923 but the antics f Chaplin's comic tramp, "little Charlie." Comic bullfights featuring clowns dressed like Chaplin's little tramp were very popular in Spain and France in the Twenties and Thirties. (Campbell 42) And perhaps Hemingway was influenced solely by having seen a bullfight involving "Charlie Chaplins," as he calls them in "The Undefeated." But there is a good possibility that he was inspired to employ the tramp as an analogue in "The Undefeated" by a conversation he had with Fitzgerald's close friend Edmund Wilson, who had written what he called "a great super-ballet f New York for the Swedish Ballet--a pantomime explained by movie captions and with a section f movie film in the middle, for which Or nstein is composing the music and in which we hope to get Chaplin to act." (Wilson 117) Hemingway had first met Wilson in New York, in January 1924 (see Selected Letters, 103, Notes) and apparently learned about the projected ballet at this time. On October 18, 1924, a month before he completed "The Undefeated" (see Selected Letters, 133), originally entitled "The Bullfighters,"

Alvin Plantinga and Pluralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alvin Plantinga and Pluralism - Essay Example Religious pluralism can be seen as a policy or attitude that accepts the diversity of other religious belief systems, and their importance within the society. Religious pluralism can either be seen as a representation of the view that the religion of one individual is not the only source of truth. Pluralists believe that some other religions have an element of truth. Therefore, there is a need of referring to these religions and their values. This concept of religious pluralism has always existed since time immemorial. This is because the traditional societies used to worship many gods. An example is the leadership of the Roman Empire, which embraced the worship of many gods and other religions. The Roman priests used to borrow from other religious teachings, and incorporate them in their beliefs. For instance, the Romans worshipped Jupiter as the Supreme God. This was a supreme God of the ancient Greeks, and they referred to him as Zeus. Religious exclusivism, on the other hand, is a doctrine that teaches that only one religion is superior to other religions. It does not recognize or identify the principles of other religious beliefs. In its normative nature, exclusivism is the belief that the religion of an individual is superior to the religion of other individuals (Peterson, William, Bruce and David, 22). Exclusivists believe that the principles and teachings of other religions are wrong, and uncalled for. The exclusivist doctrine is always linked to the teaching of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

Islamic Concept Of Charity And Social Security Religion Essay

Islamic Concept Of Charity And Social Security Religion Essay This paper deals with the Islamic concept of charity and the formation of moral economy. Charity in Islam has different forms (zakat, sadqah and donation). It forms the social security system for the vulnerable class. It purifies the legally earned money and determines the close connection of the worship of the God. The crux of the charity is to form a moral economy which regulates the behaviour of Muslims in economic and social affairs. The moral economy is based on the fairness, sense of responsibility and purity in worship welfare and social security of the people. 1. Introduction The contemporary debate of the charity has been long in the literature (Melvin 2009, Ferrari and Khan 2010, Shirazi 1996, Scott 1987 and Waldron 1986). Specifically, the religious zeal and zest revolves around the notion of charity (Iwobi 2009). Islamic concept of charity is not exception for that debate of social welfare and the security (Scott 1987). It emphasizes on the moral values and the contribution to the neglected segment o f the society. However, Islamic concept of charity and social security has never been debated in the light of the moral economy. This paper is intended to give a comparative view about the different notions of the Islamic charity (zakat, sadqah and donation). The concept of charity, in general, is not new because every religion of the world preached that charity. However, the focus of this paper is to highlight the forms of charity in Islam, their differences and their impact on the multiculturalism and the formation of the moral economy. The definition of charity in Islamic tradition differs and it is context specific. However, its aim and goals remain the same. The Quran states: And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do (Al-Quran: Al-Baqara 2:110). Similarly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: No wealth (of a servant of Allah) is decreased because of charity (Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith No. 2247). Charity is the fifth pillar of Islam and its reward will be given in the after world. The charity is not reciprocity for this world, but the world after. The Quran declare the five basic concept of the zakat. These concepts included: infaq (spending benevolently), ihsan (kindness), zakah (purification), sadqah (charitable deed) and khayrat (good deeds). However, Islam does not force anyone to give charity. It is obligatory in the form of zakat and voluntary in the shape of sadqah (charity) and donation. 2. Basic concepts of charity in Islam Islamic charity has three basic concepts: zakat, sadaqah and donation. 2.1 Zakat (alms giving) The zakat (Ø ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½) is extracted from the word zaka to be pure that denotes purification. The Quran highlights to the purification of wealth and states: Of their wealth take alms to purify and sanctify them (Al-Quran, Al-Tawbah 9:103). The zakat is obligation on a Muslim. It is moral duty of a Muslim to pay zakat at the rate of 2.5% per year. A Muslim cannot deny the zakat. The Quran lists recipients of Zakat: Zakat is for the poor and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and for those whose hearts are to be won over, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage, and for those who are overburdened with debts and for every struggle in Gods cause, and for the wayfarers: this is a duty ordained by God, and God is the All-Knowing, the Wise. (Al-Quran 9:60). The zakat is given individually to the relatives, neighbors and vulnerable communities. It is also administered collectively: Muslim charity organization, some of the Muslim states regulates the departments which are responsible of the charity (for instance Ministry of Religious Affairs, Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan) and Muslim associations. Nevertheless, zakat is mandatory to every Muslim (who can pay), but it is willful to pay individually or collectively. 2.2 Sadaqah (charity) The word sadaqah (Ø µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½) is derived from the Arabic root sadaqah which means to be truthful and hence sadaqah implies engaging in any virtuous and moral act in order to earn happiness of God. The sadaqah has certain principals which a Muslim must follow. One, sadaqah is given in the name of God. Second, the money or the donation should be from the legal sources. Islam discourages the illegitimate (stolen or unethically gained) money or resources. Third, surplus money (beyond the need of a person) is the money of God and Muslims are custodian of it. Therefore, they should spend and return the money to the needy, poor and spend on the ways of God. The Quran outlines the charity: Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Al-Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:274). The Quran further highlights: And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you and he should say, O my Lord! Why didst Thou not give me respite for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity, and I should have been one of the doers of good. But to no soul will Allah grant respite when the time appointed (for it) has come; and Allah is well acquainted with (all) that ye do. (Al-Quran, Al-Munafiqun 63: 10-11). Further, the Quran states: And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (Al-Quran, Al Insà ¢n 76:8-9). In another statement, the Quran states: For those who give in Charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a Beautiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credit), and they shall have (besides) a liberal reward (Al-Quran, Al Hadà ®d 57:18). Sadaqah is important for a number of purposes. It reduces the sins and increases the virtue of a Muslim. It compensates for shortcoming in any negligence in the payment of zakat. For instance, if a person forgets to pay zakat in the past or was guilty to pay the zakat, the sadaqah reduces the burden of the past. Sadaqah give a sense of protection not only the giver but also to the receiver of falling victim of disaster. God pleasure is received through the sadaqah. It is pleasure of the giver of the charity. The person feels happiness and fulfills his/ her obligation to the betterment of the humanity. Model of Islamic Charity Sadqah and donation: Volunteer charity No specification of rate or time Depends upon the capacity of an individual capacity Zakat: Obligatory charity Wealth: (income, earnings and savings) at the rate of 2.5% per anum Agriculture product: Crops (around 10%). Islamic Tresury (Fund): Bait-ul-Mal Spending: Needy, poor (orphans, widows), employees to administer and collect zakat, for those whose hearts are to be won over, captive (prisoners), in debts and scholars, and for the wayfarers. Social Security: Marginalized persons, communities Fig 1.1 Fig 1.1 indicates that Islamic notion of charity is mainly based on the zakat, sadaqah and donation. These donations are collected at the Islamic funds. The fund is used to look after the marginalized community. This welfare is a form of social security. Everything related to the Islamic charity is based on the moral economy. The notion of moral economy is main crux of the charity. 2.3 Donation Third term which is often used is the donation. The donation refers to give money, gift or compensate the person, organization who is in need. A donation is typical a charity and it serves the purpose of humanity. Different words are used for the donation: khairat (Ø ®Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ± Ø Ø ª) or attya (Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Û ). These words denote the charity collectively and individually. Islam appreciates the donation to the cause of the humanity. It is normally given at the time of disaster, emergency, people in need, to save a human being, construct an educational institution and to feed the hungry people. 3. Difference between zakat, sadaqah and donation Zakat, sadaqah and donations are different kinds of charities in Islamic ideology. Zakat is the obligatory annual alms-giving which is determined on the basis of the value of ones own wealth. It is calculated 2.5% as per Islamic traditions in an year. The zakat is calculated at the beginning of the Islamic month Ramadan. According to the Islamic scholars, the zakat must be collected from the Muslims. This principal does not apply to the non- Muslims living in a Muslim state. It is mandatory and has strict verdict to pay the zakat, however, without any penalty for it. Zakat is responsibility of the only person who owns wealth. It is liable on the individual and the family. However, the sadaqah is a charity that is given beside the zakat contribution over the surplus wealth. It is volunteer act and without any percentage. Sadaqah is not specified as only monetary terms (feeding the poor and the needy), but also given support to the orphans, widows in the form of advising or counseling. It also includes the volunteer activities for the befit of the community at larger: teaching to the poor, giving sense of good faith and advising them to excel on the right path, the path of God. Similarly, some of the Islamic scholars believe that to form charity organization, construct educational institutions (mosque, school, college, universities) and construction of well (to clean water supply to the community) are the different forms of sadaqah. It can be given on the name of any relative (parents or children), if a person wishes to do so. Nevertheless, the sadaqah is volunteer act of the person and depend upon the capacity and surplus wealth of the person. On the other hand, the donation is neither time specific nor it is mandatory or obligatory. It is volunteer activity of a person. It significantly differs from the zakat, but close to the sadaqah. Nevertheless, these three types of the charity contribute to the welfare of the humanity altogether. 4. Comparative view of charity: Development of moral economy Islamic notion of charity (in its different forms) generates a moral economy. This is the economy which is based on the good faith and welfare of the humanity. In line with Bollig (1998) and Thompsons (1971, 1993) notion of moral economy. Islamic charity gives the following notion of charity. 4.1 Islamic charity: Moral injection Benthall (1999) highlights the Quranic injection of charity. According to Benthall the Islamic system of almsgiving (zakat) is more organized than other societies. For him, the zakat is closely associated with the prayers and the worship of God, therefore, the Muslim are morally obliged to pay the zakat to the poor, to the needy as per Islamic conception. He argued that Zakat can be distributed in poor, needy, orphans, widows, divorcees, prisoners and their families, unemployed and homeless people, students, those who cannot afford to marry. It is also for the disasters victims and those in need of free medicine or dignified funerals of a person who need it (Benthall 1999:31). Therefore, the Islamic charity is a moral injection to work for the betterment of the humanity. 4.2 Zakat: Powerful instrument to poverty eradication Zakat denotes growth, extension and purification and it is a donation on wealth and agriculture product. The zakat is collected as per nature of the wealth. It is collected to fulfill the tire needs of the marginalized segment of the society. The zakat is fundamental creed of Islam: It obligatory act of worship (Mohammad 1991). According to Mohammad (1996), the zakat is a system that has potential to eradicate poverty and inequalities (1991:1119). The zakat system is well organized system for the development of a country but it can be more organized for poverty eradication and for the maintenance of a society like Pakistan (Mohammad 1991). Similarly, a survey was conducted in 1990/91 of the household Integrated Economic Survey in Pakistan and findings revealed that the zakat and usher were the significant to contribute the lives of the people (Shirazi 1996). According to the survey, 39000 zakat committees were working with 250 thousand volunteers (Shirazi 1996:166). The zakat contribution on 1981/1982 from 845.85 million Pakistani rupees to 4655.9 million in 1993/94 (Shirazi 1996:170). The money was spending to substance allowance for poor (708.622 million), rehabilitation (245.669 million Pakistani rupees) and 1738234 people benefited from the zakat contribution (Shirazi 1996:185). However, the latest figures on the issue are not available. The development of the Islamic charity and its faire distribution could lead to alleviate and then eradicate poverty in the Muslim countries. However, the institution either do not exist or unable to deliver the services effectively. At some places, this institution was suppressed due to the fear of the dominance and power politics. Nevertheless, the Islamic charity has potential to contribute to the welfare of the humanity. 4.3 Charity: Road towards the social justice According to Bremer (2004:1) the development of any society local resources are necessary. Islamic societies developed over a range of charity organizations to in order to address the needs of the needy and poor. These organizations are zakat boards, wakf (endowment) and diverse local structures reflecting the richness of Islamic culture from Dakar to Davao (Ibid). For her, a strong civil society is now widely recognized as an important pillar supporting democratic institutions in the West (Bremer 2004:2). The strength of the civil society leads towards the development of the democratic institutions. According to her, foreign aid and a government is not enough for development in Muslim societies. Bremer outlines that in recent years USAID has funded the creation of an NGO service center that provides technical assistance and training to civil society organizations, and has granted financial support directly to NGOs ranging from business associations to community development groups (B remer 2004:3). For her, this development contribution can be significantly increased with the assistance of Islamic charity in Muslim societies. Ultimately, this charity leads towards the establishment of the social justice system (Bremer 2004). The whole notion of charity revolves around the notion of social justice in the Muslim world. The charity is the strong instrument to bring in the social justice. It helps the marginalized population within the society and tries to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. 4.4 Charity: Funding for free education According to Blanchard (2007) religious school work as a charity organization in Muslim countries. They are source of providing education to the vulnerable groups, especially to the madrasas (religious schools). Madrasas offer a free education, room, and board to their students, and thus they appeal to impoverished families and individuals. On the whole these religious schools are supported by private donations from Muslim believers through a process of alms-giving known in Arabic as zakat. The practice of zakatone of the five pillars of the Islamic faithprescribed that a fixed proportion of ones income be given to specified charitable causes, and traditionally a portion of zakat has endowed religious education (2007:4). Blanchard (2007) provides information that in Pakistan Madrasas are being observed by the government regarding their finance sources after 9/11 attack in the United States. He reveals that the madrasas are contributing to provide the education to the poorest. He found that madrasas are registered in Pakistan and their financial assistance is observed by the Government of Pakistan since August 2006 (Blanchard 2007:5). Nonetheless, the charity could fill the gap of the education. 4.5 Charity: Belief and health seeking behaviour A study highlights the importance of the sadaqah in health seeking behaviour in Pakistan (see Midway, Tabasco, Hani, and Khan 2010). This study revealed those patients who strongly belief and practice sadaqah (charity) feel better and believe that they can recover their health after giving charity to the poor. According to this research, almost 85% of the respondent thought and gave charity. The study reveals that the sadaqah is usually giving in the form of money (85.2%) clothes (49.2%) and sacrificing an animal (65.5%). Almost 92% of the respondents relate the belief and practice of sadaqah giving in the hope of recovery from illness. Nevertheless, charity gives internal strength to the patients and they believe that they can have better health recovery after giving the charity. 4.6 Islamic charity is universal or specific notion of welfare: There are two views about the Islamic charity. One, it is localized notion of welfare and limited to the only Muslims and the Muslim societies. The Muslims are contributors as well as consumer of the charity. This perspective is under criticism among a large segment of the Muslim scholars (see Benthall 1999). However, the second point of view is that Islamic charity is universal and every human being without border, creed and dogma can benefit from the charity. However, the charity contribution is applied only on Muslims. The Muslim contributes to the charity and gives equal importance to the whole human being in order to disburse the charity (Benthall 1999). However, they do not impose on the non- Muslims. Nevertheless, only Muslims are contributor of the Islamic charity. However, it is equally important to give the charity to the non-Muslims. There is no specification of creed or dogma in the Islamic charity (except zakat). The zakat is limited to the Muslim societies. The donation are without any religious affiliation or association. 5. Discussion There is wide spread opportunity to get resources in order to feed the marginalized segment of the society, as per the notion of Islamic charity, then why the Muslim countries are dependent upon foreign aid is a question which is often raised. In fact, there are two major reasons of the dependency of the Muslim societies on the foreign aid and remain in the vicious cycle of poverty and under development. 5.1 Collapse of the charity institution: Change in the charity institutions Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid because they were unable to maintain their institutions. Such institutions were collapsed during the colonization or soon after (Bremer 2004). In the eyes of the colonial masters, the Muslim charity institutions were the symbol of Muslim legacy and they were a source of the rise of the Muslim power. Therefore, it was necessary to abolish such institution from the Muslims societies (Bremer 2004). Especially, the zakat institution was under strong scrutiny during the colonial era because it was believed that this institution supports the freedom struggle. The colonial powers developed the institution of welfare instead of the zakat institution. However, this welfare institution, developed by the colonial powers, was perceived as not ones own. It was considered as a symbol to get money, but without any legacy (Bremer 2004). It was just perceived as the symbol of the colony and soon after become the source to collect the money by hook or by crook. People wanted to get benefited from the social welfare but not were ready to pay it back. Therefore, it was not much institutionalized as the zakat was spread during the Muslim era in the Middle East and in the Muslim countries before the 19th century. However, the Islamic charity institutions are believed as part of the worship of the God. Therefore, there were rare cases of the unfairness or corruption. They have strong check and balance to maintain the charity among the Muslim charity organizations. Nonetheless, the change in the charity institution brought mistrust and unfairness in the charity. Many of the Muslims societies became the prey of it and remain in the vicious cycle of poverty and under development. 5.2 Collapse of morality: Change to develop a new morality based on materialism Islam appreciates the giving hands (charity giver) and discourages the charity recipient. According to Islam, giving hand is better than the receiving hand. However, current scenario does not reflect the basic ideology of the charity of Islam. Despite of the fact that the zakat remain as an institution among the Muslim societies at individual level. However, it was not developed at the state level after the colonial era. It was perceived that state is in the hands of someone else (colonial masters or their local representatives) and there was not any institutionalized method of the zakat collection and its distribution. This mistrust or non-confidence led to collapse the real notion of the moral economy among the Muslims. In Islamic morality, there are two sets of rights and obligation for a Muslim: the rights to worship God and the right to serve the humanity. In Islam, the right of God may be put aside by the God, if He wants to do so. However, the right to serve the humanity cannot be neglected until unless the fellow human beings do not forgive it. It is exclusive related with the people and their rights. They (people, especially poor and the needy) have to forgive their rights to the fellow Muslims. So the Islamic moral values exclusive emphasize on the welfare and social security of the humanity and the marginalized group of the society. However, the collapse of the Islamic morality of charity is dominated phenomenon in the current era. It does contradict on the basic philosophy of the Islam that spends everything to the humanity which is surplus. However, the materialism and greed for wealth is dominant in the current culture of the Muslim societies. It is depicted in the life style and in the emerging value system. Consequently, it is affecting the basic notion of the Islamic charity and changing the moral economy of the Muslim in the contemporary era. 7. Conclusion Islamic concept of charity is much associated with the Muslim societies. It forms a moral economy and moral value systems (give charity and worship to the God). It also strengthens the notion of close social networking of the Muslims. However, it does not neglect the humanity at large. It gives a due share to provide the help to the people of the world. The charity is given to the needy, poor, scholars, charity organizations and welfare of the society at large. However, criticism to retain the Muslim charity among Muslim is not exclusive from the discussion of the charity. Dominant point of view, however, is in favour of the humanity rather than the welfare of the any specific community. Islamic charity begins from the individual level. It creates the space for the state. However, it does not exclusive involve the state to regulate the charity. The charity in Islam is equally important to the worship of God. Islam emphasize the worship of God (right to obey the God) and the service for the humanity (the rights of the poor and the needy). The charity is the right of the fellow human beings who are in need and it cannot be neglected as per Islamic moral economy. The Islamic charity is grounded in the concept of the moral economy.

Admire: God and Long Black Hair Essay

Everyone has his own idol. They can be a singer, film-star or superrich person for example. But to me, my mother is the person I love and admire the most. My mother still looks quite young although she is forty now. She possesses a little fat figure, round face, and a long black hair which is naturally straight to her shoulder. However, those are not the impressive things that draw people’s attention, but her figure and her eyes. She looks rather small and thin. To look at her, you will never think that she has been a mother of three children although she doesn’t dress gaudily or fashionably. My mother has very deep sad eyes which are watery. That reminds me of a lake on a stormy day. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay I love her for her sacrifices to the family. She loves us very much. She never gets angry with her children. She teaches us how to become a good person and how to distinguish good and bad things. Besides she is also a good cook. So I never missed a family meal. She works very hard from the early morning till late at night. I never think that any woman could manage to do such an enormous amount of work like that. I am indeed very indeed proud of my mother. To me, she is not a good wife but a good mother as well. By looking at her small figure and the way she works hard, it is easily that she is trying her best to bring all the good things to her children, the only source of joy left in her life. Thanks God for having given her to us, the most priceless gift I have ever had.

Dell Summary

DELL INC STRATEGIC POSITION, CHOICE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Table 1: PESTEL | | |Meaning to dell? |Dell’s ability to | | | | |address. | |Political Factors |China’s five-year plan has a clear set of social objectives. 23) |Good chance for Dell to grow |Very good. | | |Increased government spending helped China for the first time to beat the US to become the |in BRICS nation. | | | |world's biggest PC market. (24) | | | | |Restrictive policies in many countries for the protection of domestic companies. 25) | | | | |BRICS sign framework pact for local-currency credit lines. (26) | | | | |European Commission Unveils New intellectual property rights (IPR) Strategy (27) | | | |Economic |The US Debt Crisis and Downgraded Credit Rating. 28) |Global consumers spending |Moderate | |Factors |Global Economy growth forecast 4 % in 2011 and 2012. (Advanced economies 1. 6% and 1. 9 % |less Increased competition. | | | |Emerging and developing economies 6. 4% & 6. 1% ,US 1. 5 % & 1. 8%,China9. 5 9. 0 ) (29) | | | | |Canalys predicts 14% growth in PC market for 2011. 30) | | | | |China has topped the US as the largest PC market worldwide (31) | | | | |Economies in developing countries like growing at faster rates than developed countries. (32)| | | |Social | Education affects brand consciousness, product demand. 42) |Consumers willing to pay more|Very good. | |Factors |Income levels (40) |for higher quality. | | | |Cultural aspects affect sales. (39) | | | |Technological Factors | Fast technological advances (33) |Needs continuous products |Good. | |Increased research and development. (33) |innovation and redesigning. | | | |Short product life cycle. (41) | | | |Environmental | Adds to Global warming. (34) |Requires focus for |Moderate. | |Factors |High Environmental effects. 35) |sustainability. | | | |The global volume of e-waste generated is expected to reach 93. 5 million tons in 2016 from | | | | |41. 5 million tons in 2011 at a CAGR of 17. 6% from 201 1 to 2016. (36) | | | |Legal Factors | Minimum wages restrictions in many countries. Effects to its profit margin. |Good. | | |Strict recycling laws in some countries. (37) | | | | |Existence of consumer rights and labour rights. (38) | | | | |Competition laws, employment laws, health and safety legislation. 38) | | | Table 2: Porter’s 5 Forces | |Forces |Factors |Strength | |1 |Threat of New Entrants | |Low | | | |In PC industry, not many competitors emerging on a yearly basis. 17] | | | | |Chance of a new PC vendor entering the market and gaining significant market share is pretty| | | | |slim. [18] | | | | |Entry barriers are higher now than they ever have been. [18] | | | | |Capital required is huge. 18] | | | | |Cost and distribution are two of the entry barriers that are making entry into the PC market| | | | |tough. [18] | | | | |Computer industry is highly competitive with continuing developments. 17] | | | | |People likely to go with big brands they ‘knowâ⠂¬â„¢. [17] | | |2 |Power of Suppliers |Suppliers such as INTEL and Microsoft holds significant amount of power. [17] |High | | | |Intel’s microprocessor chips are used in approximately 80% of personal computers. [18] | | | | |Microsoft operating systems are used in 90% of computers. 18] | | |3 |Power of Buyers |PC has become a commodity. [19] |Moderate | | | |There is no brand loyalty among PC users. [19] | | | | |Use of industry standard hardware and software means a user can easily switch from one brand| | | | |to another. 19] | | |4 |Threat of Substitute | Organizers, PDAs, blackberries and Tablets are the substitutes of PC industry. [20, 21] | | | | |PC market growth has been impacted by media tablets and next-generation smartphones. [21] |High | | | |It is anticipated that tablets will Cannibalize 10 % of PCs by 2014. [21] | | |5 |Existing Rivalry |1. 6Acer, Apple, Hewlett-Packard and Lenovo are the major competitors of Dell. [17] | | | | |1. 17 Attractive new gadgets such as Apple's iPad making PC industry saturated. [22] |High | Table 3: Value Chain Analysis |Primary Activities: | | |Inbound logistics |Higher density container & trailer shipment via sea, air & road to reduce fuel consumption. 1] | | |Use of foam pallets instead of wood for shipping, which reduce cost of freight by reducing weight. [1] | | |Dell relies on its highly reliable suppliers for materials. [2] | |Operations: |Produce built to order computers according to individual costumers needs. [2] | | |Use the knowledge from direct contact with its customers. 2] | |Outbound Logistics: |Logistics teams leverage the best transportation and logistics providers available in the industry. [1] | | |Dell sends computers monitors directly from its supplier to customers reducing the cost of storage and time of transfer. [2] | | |Use of direct selling models reduce coast to customers. 2] | |Marketing and sales:|Expanding relationships with retail partners around the world [1] | | |Use o f direct selling model thereby reducing cost of distribution channels and communication gaps between customers and company. | | |[2] | | |Direct selling models helps to understand unmet customer needs. 2] | | |24000 retail outlets worldwide, including contracts with Walmart Brazil and Maxico , and Gome Group, the largest electronic | | |seller in Chaina. [16] | |Services: |Dell spent lot of money in training segment managers to provide state of the art customer advice. 2] | | |Customer solutions team collaborate with customers to fulfil there unmet needs. [2] | |Support Activities: | | |Procurement: |Material used is not protected under any trade mark or copy right. [2] | | |Any competitors can use the same materials from same suppliers as suppliers tend to sell generally to all players in industry. | |[2] | |Technology: |Introduce new and relevant technology much more quickly than competitors who use slow moving distribution channels. [2] | |Infrastructure: |Revolutionized compu ter industry’s traditional value chain by introducing direct selling model. [2] | | |Use ROIC as mean of managerial performance and individual business units performance. [2] | | |Inventory turnover is 6 days. 2] | |Human Resources: |Dell staff has to be knowledgeable and customer focused to provide best outcome. [2] | | |Train its segment managers to provide state of the art customers’ service. [2] | Table 4: Generic Forces | | | | |Broad |COST LEADERSHIP DIFFERENTIATION | |Market | | | | |Supply chain efficiencies. [62] |Unique Customer services. [63] | | |Direct sales model allowed Dell to pursue Cost |Dell (PRODUCT)RED signature products contribute directly to Global Fund to help | | |Leadership Strategy. 62] |eliminate AIDS in Africa. [64] | | | |Robust market share by holding 12% of worldwide pc market. [65] | | | |Alienware M11x the first ultraportable gaming notebook. [66] | | | |Dell precision Mb6400 a high-performance mobile workstation. 67] | | | |Dell Str eak 7 is the first 7† tablet that has dual-core processor that supports 4G. [69] | |Narrow |FOCUSED LOW COST |FOCUSED DIFFERENTIATION | |Market |Introduced low-cost notebooks for consumers and small |Dell first introduced Streak Android-based tablet computer for doctors and other | | |businesses in Asian markets. [66] |clinicians. 70] | Table 5: Ansoff Product Market Matrix: | |Existing products |New Products | |Existing |1. 1. $155 million acquisition of MessageOne Inc(industry leader in |1. 4 Announced new tablet latitude XT3 for business customers that allows | |Market |SaaS) enables enterprise level email business continuity, |grater mobility, security and manageability. 6] | | |compliance, archiving, disaster management. [4,5] |1. 5 Announced 24 new products including smart phone, tablets, netbooks, | | |1. 2. Introduced existing alienware and XPS laptops with HD 3D |desktops etc. [7] | | |screen. [9] | | | |1. Unveiled new series of printers, projector and monitors in | | | |2011. [12] | | |New Market |1. 6 Introduces 4 new low cost PC for emerging markets like China. |1. 10 Introduced new android based smart phones and windows phone. [8] | | |India etc in 2008. 11] |1. 11Introduced android based streak tablet designed for doctors and | | |1. 7 Launched comprehensive rage of printers in India in 2011. [12] |clinicians. [10] | | |1. 8 Contracted with Gome Group, the largest electronic retailer in |1. 12 Introduced cloud computing that provide IaaS based on VMware. | | |china. 16] |[14,15] | | |1. 9 Only 5. 1% Indians and 9% Chinese have computers. 75% Americans| | | |have computers. [16] | | Table 6: Boston Construction Group Matrix |Relative Market Share (Cash Generation) | |Market Growth Rate |HIGH |HIGH |LOW | |(Cash Usage) | | | | | | |Stars: |Question Marks: | | | |Personal computers [43] |Dell tablet [45] | | | |cloud computing services[44] | | | |LOW |Cash Cows: |Dogs: | | | |Customised systems [46] |Printers [48] | | | |Ink ca rtridge [47] |5 inch Streak Smartphone [49] | Table 7: Dells Acquisitions. Success of Dell’s Acquisitions | |Ingredient acquisitions [72] | |Acquired KACE in 2010 increases 1200 business customers and tripled in value. [72] | |HP doubled the Dell’s bid for 3PAR INC. a storage network company. [73] | |Made 12 acquisitions in last year. [74] | |Virtually all acquisitions were successful [74] | |Acquired ‘equal logic’ 3 years ago and turned revenue of $100 m into $1 Billion post acquisition [75] | Table 8 : Suitability, Acceptability, Feasibility | | | | |GENERIC STRATEGIES |BCG MATRIX STRATEGIES | | | | | | | | | | |Cost Leadership|Differentiation |Focus / Low Cost |Focus / Differentiator |STARS |CASH COWS | |   |   |YE 30/1/09 |YE |YE 28/1/11|YE |YE |YE |YE 31/10/08 | | | | |29/1/10 | |31/12/08|31/12/09|31/12/10| | Table 10: Financial Ratios for DELL Inc (2006-10) |   |   |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |Industry Average|Ref | |   |Profitabilit y Ratios |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |2 |Net profit margin (%) |4. 5 |4. 82 |4. 05 |2. 71 |4. 28 |6. 7 |[51,52] | |3 |Return on total assets (%) |13. 05 |3. 89 |12. 54 |6. 01 |8. 68 |8. 14 |[50,52] | |4 |Return on capital employed (%) |43. 22 |42. 86 |29. 35 |14. 87 |18. 57 |16. 42* |[50] | |5 |Return on equity (%) |58. 19 |76. 97 |58. 02 |25. 4 |33. 93 |13. 65 |[50,52] | |6 |Solvency ratio (%) |17. 32 |13. 89 |16. 12 |16. 76 |20. 12 |25. 9* |[50] | |   |Efficiency Ratios |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |8 |Net asset turnover |7. 32 |6. 77 |5. 25 |3. 6 |3. 22 |1. 51 |[50,52] | |9 |Debtor days (days) |30 |36 |29 |41 |39 |45. 25* |[51] | |10 |Creditor days(days) |80 |86 |61 |97 |84 |52. 5* |[51] | |   |Liquidity Ratios |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |12 |Quick ratio |1. 08 |1. 01 |1. 3 |1. 22 |1. 42 |1. 15 |[51,52] | |   |Stability Ratios |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |14 |Interest cover |68. 22 |76. 44 |34. 3 |13. 57 |17. 25 |2. 5 |[50,52] | |15 |Debt/Equity(%) |12. 82 |9. 45 |44. 44 |60. 57 |66. 26 |21. 43 |[51,52] | |   |Investors Ratios |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |17 |P/E ratio |23. 16 |15. 48 |7. 45 |17. 61 |9. 64 |14. 2 |[50,52] | |18 |Dividend yield |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2. 09 |[50,52] | [pic][76] 77] Figure 3: Financial Rations (Table 10) |REFERENCES | | |http://content. dell. com/ – Accessed 6 October 2011. |http://www. oppapers. com/essays (accessed: October 8, 2011) | |http://ivythesis. typepad. com/ Accessed 6 Oct 2011. |http://www. scribd. com/doc (accessed: October 9, 2011) | |http://www. businessweek. com/ – Accessed 27 September 2011. |http://2point8. blogspot. com/2006 (accessed: October 9, 2011) | |http://www. dell. com/us/ Accessed 17 Oct 2011. |http://knol. google. om/k (accessed: October 9, 2011) | |http://www. gartner. com/ Accesses 17 Oct 2011. |http://it. tmcnet. com/topics (accessed: October 9, 2011) | |http://techmento. com/2011/02/14/ Accessed 17 Oct 2011. |http://www. usatoday. com/tech (accessed: October 9, 2011) | |http://www. pcmag. com/ Accessed 17 Oct 2011. |IPPR, China in the global economy, July 2011 | |http://www. unwiredview. com/2011/09/30/ Accessed 17 Oct 2011. |Owen Fletcher, China Passes U. S. as World's Biggest PC Market, 24th August 2011, | |http://www. engadget. com/2011/01/06/ Accessed 17 Oct 2011. |Wall Street Journal. |Reuters, Dell Streak Tablet Computer Expands into Medical Market, 15 September 2010. |BBC, US companies criticize Chinese regulations, 19 Jan 2011. | |http://news. cnet. com/ -Accessed 23 October 2011. |Reuters, BRICS sign framework pact for local-currency credit lines, 14th April | |http://www. ekantipur. com/2011/09/21/ -Accessed 23 October 2011. |2011. | |http://www. stinkyinkshop. co. uk/ -Accessed 23 October 2011. |J. Ball, L. Mucha, European Commission Unveils New IPR Strategy 20th July 2011. | |http://cloud-computing. learningtree. com/ -Accessed 23 October 2011 |Euromonitor, the US Debt Crisis and Downgraded Credit Rating, 31st August 2011. | |http://en. ommunity. dell. com/ – Accessed 23 October 2011 |IMF, World Economic Outlook, September 2011. | |http://www. wikinvest. com/stock/Dell_(DELL) –Accessed 27 October 2011. |Palo Alto, Canalys predicts 14% growth in PC market for 2011, 15 march 2011 | | |http://online. wsj. com/ -Accessed 15 September 2011. | | |IMF, World Economic Outlook, Sept 2011. | | |http://www. bls. gov/ – Accessed on October 11th 2011. |REFERENCES | | |Howard B C, 5 Signs the Computer Industry Is Going Green [Online]. |Dell’s Turnaround Strategy, Raj Sheelvant, April 08, 2008 | |SE Smith, Guardian, Dirty, dangerous and destructive – the elements of a technology boom, |http://www. scribd. com/doc/27249321/Dell-Competencies -Accessed 16 October 2011 | |September 26th 2011 |http://www. dell. com/ -Accessed16 October 2011 | |Report linker, Global E-Waste Management Market (2011 – 2016, 8 Sept 2011 | http://worldwidegadget. blogspot. com/ -Accessed 16 October 2011 | |http://www. ecyclingresource. org/ – Accessed on Sept 29th 2011. Dell plans low-cost laptops for Asian Market, Sumner Lemon, IDG News, Feb 29,2008 | |http://www. ifg. org/ -Accessed on Sept 29th 2011. |http://aecmag. com/ -Accessed 20 October 2011 | |Thomas W Smith, Industry Surveys, Standards & Poor’s, 28 October 2010. |http://www. notebookreview. com/ -Accessed 20 October 2011 | |http://www. enotes. com/ -Accessed on September 12th 2011. |Dell (BUY): Dell focuses on the tablet market, RobertJakobsen, feburary 2nd, 2011 | |Eastwood M, IDC, Analyze the future, March 2007. |Dell Streak Tablet Computer Expands into Medical Market, Contributed by Reuters, | |http://www. articlesbase. com/ -Accessed on October 29, 2011. September 9th, 2010 | |http://www. dailytech. com/Dell -Accessed 20 October 2011. |http://www. computing. co. uk/ -Accessed 4 November 2011 | |http://www. computerweekly. com/ -Accessed 30 October 2011. |http://www. statesman. com/ -Accessed 7 November 2011. | |https://jyskebank. gi/ –Accessed 20 October 2011. |http://www. statesman. com/business/dell-following-a-new-path-on-acquisitions-149000| |http://www. theinquirer. net/ -Accessed 20 October 2011. |1. html -Accessed 7 November 2011. | |http://www. viewpoints. com/Dell -Accessed 20 October 2011. |http://www. datamation. com/ -Accessed 7 November 2011. | |http://www. forbes. om/sites/greatspeculations/2011/04/20/dell-should-be-22-but-no-thanks-to-pr|http://en. community. dell. com/ – Accessed 7 November 2011. | |inters-and-monitors/ -Accessed 30 October 2011. |http://martinhingley. wordpress. com/2011/06/05/pc-market-q211/- Accessed on | |http://gadgetmania. com/ -Accessed 31 October 2011. |November 3rd ,2011 | |Osiris, Dell Inc-All Rations, 28 October 2011. |http://martinhingley. wordpress. com/2010/12/02/dell-q410, Accessed on November 3rd,| |Dell-Fiscal Year 2011 in Review,http://content. dell. co m -Accessed 28 October 2011. |2011. | |Financials: Dell Inc (DELL. O),http://www. reuters. com/ -Accessed 28 October 2011. | |Osiris,DELL INC- Key Ratios,Accessed on October 18th, 2011. | | |Osiris,ACER INC -All Ratios,Accessed on October 18th, 2011. | | |Osiris,HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY-All Ratios,Accessed on October 18th, 2011. | | |Osiris,LENOVO GROUP LIMITED- All Ratios,Accessed on October 18, 2011. | | |HEWLETT-PACKARD Annual Report 2010,http://h30261. www3. hp. com,Accessed on October 19th,2011. | |IDC, Worldwide Quarterly PC Tracker, October 12th, 2011. Press release. | | |ACER Annual Report 2010,http://www. acer-group. com,Accessed on 19th,2011. | | |http://rates. cx, Accessed on October 19th, 2011 | | |http://www. exchange-rates. org/ -Accessed 23 October 2011. | | GROUP MEMBERS LCA REFRENCE NUMBERS 1. SAAD BAKHTIAR RANA 2. JAHAARA AHMED SIDDIQUI